Osteoporosis
In osteoporosis, bones become thinner and more fragile, so they break more easily — sometimes after a minor fall. It usually causes no symptoms until a fracture happens. Things that can raise the risk include:
- older age, and menopause in women
- long-term steroid treatment
- low body weight, smoking or heavy alcohol use
- a family history of hip fracture
- some hormonal conditions, such as an overactive thyroid or parathyroid gland
Calcium and vitamin D
The parathyroid glands and vitamin D keep blood calcium in balance. Low vitamin D is common and can weaken bones. Blood tests for calcium, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone help show whether hormones are affecting the bones.
How bone density is checked
Bone density is usually measured with a DEXA (DXA) scan, a quick, low-dose X-ray of the hip and spine.
Preparing for your consultation
- DEXA scan reports, if you have had one
- calcium, vitamin D and other blood-test results
- details of any fractures
- a list of all medicines, including supplements and steroids
This page gives general information to help you prepare for a consultation. It is not medical advice and does not replace an assessment by a doctor. In an emergency, go to the nearest hospital emergency department. Last updated 25 September 2026.